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Extract Aluminum from Aluminum Silicon Alloys
Table of ContentsAluminum Extraction ProcessApplication of Extraction Process, Procedure and ResultsCrude Alloy FeedInduction-Heated UnitElectrical-Resistance-Heated UnitGas-Fired UnitStudy of Process ConditionsPressureLeaching The following conclusions are drawn from the results of these investigations: The reflux leaching method is an effective means for extracting aluminum from crude Al-Si alloy. Aluminum obtained by this method will contain from 1 to 6 percent silicon, 0.04 to
How to Make Zirconium Diboride Directly from Zircon
Table of ContentsExperimental ProceduresEquipmentMaterialsMethod of PreparationExperimental ResultsDiscussion of Results Zirconium diboride of a quality comparable to that produced commercially from zirconium dioxide may be synthesized directly from zircon. The quantities of residual carbon and silica are not excessively high, but it is believed that some refinements in procedure may lower these percentages. The grain size of the final product has
Zirconium Gadolinium Equilibrium Diagram
The investigation of the zirconium-gadolinium equilibrium diagram revealed a eutectic system with limited terminal solubilities and one peritectoid reaction. The eutectic point occurs at about 82 percent gadolinium. The eutectic isotherm, at 1,220° C., extends from about 12 to 99+ percent gadolinium. The peritectoid isotherm, at 890° C., involving the alpha-beta transformation of zirconium, extends over essentially the entire composition
Sulfide Oxide Lead Zinc Transitional Ore Treatment Processing Method
Table of ContentsBeneficiation ResearchFroth FlotationDeslimed pulpUndeslimed PulpFlotation Plus Gravity SeparationHeavy-Media Separation and TablingFlotation of Oxidized Zinc The mineral dressing research here reported is part of a continuing program by the Bureau of Mines to develop new or improved concentration processes for oxidized or partly oxidized lead and zinc ores. A sample of low-grade sulfide-oxide, lead-zinc ore from Jasper County., Mo.,
Casting Titanium Zirconium and Hafnium
Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsExperimental Procedures and ResultsCasting Method Furnace OperationFurnace DesignSafety ConsiderationAlloying MethodsMold MaterialsMachined GraphiteRammed Mold MaterialCentrifugal CastingPhysical Properties of Cast MaterialProcess Variables The work covered in this report is a continuation of an earlier feasibility study by the Federal Bureau of Mines and points out improvements in the skull-melting method for casting reactive metals such as titanium, zirconium, and hafnium.
Volatilization of Tin Chlorides
Table of ContentsBanco ConcentrateColquiri ConcentrateTasne OreBolivian Tin-Tungsten OreCerro de Potosi OreExperimental ProceduresProcedure 1Procedure 2Experimental ResultsProcedure 1Banco Tin ConcentrateColquiri Tin ConcentrateTasne Mine-Run OreBolivian Tin-Tungsten Mine-Run OreCerro de Potosi Mine-Run OreProcedure 2Banco Tin ConcentrateColquiri Tin ConcentrateTasne Mine-Run OreBolivian Tin-Tungsten Mine-Run OreCerro de Potosi Mine-Run Ore More than 95 percent of the total tin in Bolivian mine-run ores can be volatilized and recovered
Crushing Chestnut to Produce Buckwheat
Table of ContentsHistory of Anthracite Crushing PracticesDescription of EquipmentPennsylvania Reversible ImpactorPennsylvania Kue-Ken Jaw CrusherPennsylvania Rolling Ring GranulatorPennsylvania Kue-Ken GyraconeTelsmith Style S Gyrasphere The crushing of chestnut-size (1-5/8 by 13/16 inch) Pennsylvania anthracite in four commercial crushers (impact, jaw crusher, hammer mill, and gyratory types) was studied by the Bureau of Mines to determine which could produce the largest proportions of
Radioisotopes Applications
Table of ContentsLicensing RequirementsHazards and PrecautionsAvailability of RadioisotopesThe Laboratory FacilityInstruments and MethodsNature and Scope of ResearchTypical Applications of RadioisotopesPlanned Research with Radioisotopes Many factors contributed to the decision to build a radiochemical laboratory at the Salt Lake City Metallurgy Research Center to investigate the application of radioactive isotopes and chemical compounds in extractive metallurgy. These reasons included the notable success
How to Determine Trace Impurities in Helium
Table of ContentsLiquid-Helium TrapOperation of ApparatusCalculations An apparatus for determining trace impurities in Grade-A helium by mass spectrometer methods was designed and built by the Federal Bureau of Mines. Grade-A is the designation for helium commercially produced by the Bureau. Its nominal purity is 99.995 percent. The device, following a suggestion by Deaton, concentrates the impurities in the helium by
How to Design an Underground Mine Opening in Rock
Table of ContentsWhat is Competent RockClassification of Competent RockPhysical Properties of RockAssumption Regarding Stress FieldAssumptions Regarding Criteria of FailureEffects of TimeSafety FactorDesign of Single Openings in Massive RockIntroductionCircular OpeningsElliptical OpeningsOvaloidal OpeningsRectangular OpeningsInclined OpeningsSpherical and Spheroidal OpeningsDesign PrinciplesIllustrative ProblemDesign of Multiple Openings in Massive RockIntroductionRow of Circular OpeningsRow of Ovaloidal OpeningsAverage Pillar StressCompressive Strength of PillarsIllustrative ProblemSingle Openings in Bedded RockIntroductionSingle-Layer
How Impurities Affect Titanium Properties
Table of ContentsDiscussion and ResultsConclusions The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of the impurities, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and iron (in low percentages) on the mechanical properties of electrolytic titanium. The strength and hardness of binary Ti-O, Ti-N, and Ti-C alloys are linear functions of alloy content in the composition range investigated. Compared to oxygen and carbon,
How to Increase Tensile Strength Titanium
Antimony up to 10 percent increases the strength of titanium by solid-solution hardening. The general relationship of hardness, strength, and elongation in these alloys is similar to that found in several grades of high-purity and commercial titanium. Tensile strength (annealed condition) appeared to be a linear function of Vickers hardness regardless of composition. For equivalent hardness and tensile strength, the
Electrorefining Beryllium
Table of ContentsApparatusExperimental Procedure Results of the preliminary tests have demonstrated the possibility of electrorefining beryllium in KCl-LiCl-BeCl2 baths. Qualitative spectrograph analyses of the starting material and the products indicate the following estimated percentages of reduction of metallic impurities: Magnesium was reduced by at least 50 percent. Iron, copper, silicon, and manganese were reduced by at least a slight amount
Fine Screening using Sieve Bend
Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsDescription of Equipment and Test ProceduresMethod of Evaluating EfficiencyInfluence of Operating VariablesFeed RatePulp RatioInfluence of Feed CompositionInfluence of Undersize MaterialInfluence of Near-Aperture Size MaterialTests on Natural Feeds The cleaning of fine coal, particularly for metallurgical use, is receiving greater attention. An increase in the proportion of fine coal in the run-of-mine product has been created by changes in
Detecting Rubidium and Cesium
Table of ContentsOccurrence of Cesium and RubidiumEvaluation of Known MethodsFlame and Bead TestsMicrochemical TestsChemical Spot TestsExtraction of Rubidium and Cesium from Raw MaterialsField Test for Cesium and RubidiumSample PreparationDissolution of Cesium and RubidiumSpot TestingChemicals and Equipment RequiredChemicalsEquipment A semi-quantitative test for the presence and identification of cesium and rubidium in rocks, clays, and mineral waters has been developed by the
Limonite Siderite Iron Ore Beneficiation
Table of ContentsWashing and SizingRoasting and Magnetic SeparationConnors Brothers DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteO. C. Pouns DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteLee Ben Pynson DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteEttie Lattimer DepositLimoniteSideriteMixed Limonite and SideriteOxidation-Reduction of Mixed OresComparison of Magnetite and Maghemite (Gamma-Hematite)Flash Roasting A laboratory mineral-dressing investigation was conducted by the Federal Bureau of Mines on four limonitic and four sideritic iron ores from
Goethite Flotation
Table of ContentsPreparation of Goethite SampleQuartz SampleReagentsExperimental Procedure and ResultsDetermination of the Isoelectric PointVacuum Flotation TestsContact Angle MeasurementHallimond Tube TestsHallimond Tube Tests on QuartzBatch Flotation Tests on a Mixture of Quartz and GoethiteDiscussion The basic flotation characteristics of goethite were determined by using vacuum flotation, contact angle measurement, and Hallimond tube flotation, and the results have been correlated with information
Electrorefining Chromium
Table of ContentsEquipmentElectrolytesExperimental ProceduresConclusions The Federal Bureau of Mines refined chromium from an aqueous electrolytic process in molten sodium chloride-chromium chloride electrolytes. Oxygen and nitrogen contents were reduced by a factor of 10 to 40, but most other impurities were little changed. The product usually contained a little more iron than the feed. Since iron was entering the bath from
Gasification of Coal Water Slurry
Table of ContentsDescription of ApparatusOperating ProcedureCoals GasifiedResultsEffects of Variables on Carbon ConversionResidence TimeSteam ConcentrationTemperatureRank of CoalEffects of Variables on Gas Composition The results were surprisingly reproducible in view of the complex reactions, and the scatter of data was small. Rank of coal exerted the greatest effect on gasification. Tests with only three ranks of coals do not permit firm conclusions
Recover Chromite by Flotation
Table of ContentsJohn Day ChromitesNature of OresPhysicalChemicalFlotationGeorge Len OreBillie Girl OreBig Jim OreTwin Sisters ChromitesNature of OresPhysicalChemicalFlotation Gora OreAlamether OreMouat ChromitesNature of OrePhysicalChemicalFlotation MillfeedFine Table Feed This report describes an investigation by the Bureau of Mines of flotation techniques for the recovery of chromite from fine-grained disseminated ores. Reported work on the concentration of chromiferous materials shows that flotation has
Extraction Separation & Purification of Rare Earth Elements
Table of ContentsTetravalent CeriumTrivalent Rare-Earth ElementsAnalysesTetravalent CeriumTrivalent Rare-Earth Elements In separating and purifying rare-earth compounds, ion-exchange and liquid-liquid extraction techniques have exhibited the greatest potential. Of the two, ion exchange has received major attention and has been exploited into commercial operation. Notable research has been reported on solvent extraction techniques, especially in extraction of tetravalent cerium with phosphates and phosphonates.
Leonardite
Table of ContentsLeonardite Occurrence and PropertiesPresent Investigations Leonardite is a coallike substance, similar in structure and composition to lignitic coal and believed to be derived from lignitic coal by the process of natural oxidation. Leonardite is little known outside lignite-producing areas and has been developed commercially only tn a minor extent. The higher oxygen content and less compact structure of
Electrowinning & Refining Ceric Oxide and Cerous Fluoride to Cerium Ingot
Table of ContentsPreparation of Anhydrous Cerous FluorideDetails of Reno Ammonium Bifluoride MethodFluoride ElectrolytesVacuum DryingElectrowinningLaboratory-Cell DevelopmentCell Type No. 1Preparation of ChargeMelting of ChargeElectrolytic OperationsCell Type No. 2Cell Type No. 3Cell Type No. 4Reno Cerium Electrowinning Cell (Cell Type No. 5)Electrowinning Cell and Electrode AssemblySteel Glove BoxReplacing Air with Inert AtmosphereMelting of BathCerium Electrowinning Run (CE-42)Analyses of Cell-Box GasesLithiothermic Reduction and Vacuum
Testing Method Mine Anchorage Roof Bolts
Table of ContentsEquipment and ProcedureTest ResultsBolt Load-Jack Load RelationshipDetermination of Anchorage CharacteristicsDetermination of Installed Load Two methods of testing anchorages of headed expansion-type mine roof bolts were investigated by the Federal Bureau of Mines to determine whether they are acceptable for general use. In both methods a load was applied to a tightened bolt with a hydraulic jack. A total