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Reducing Action of Carbon and Hydrocarbons
Table of ContentsOxygenation of PetroleumProtective action of Carbon and of HydrocarbonsContributory Action of Carbonic Acid GasThe Stability of Carbonic Acid and of WaterOccurrence of Carbon and the Carbon-CompoundsThe Occurrence of Carbon combined with HydrogenLigniteBituminous ShalesLimestones Containing Organic Matter Carbon has long been recognized as one of the most powerful reducing agents in the deposition of ores. Investigations, made by myself, of the zinc- and lead-deposits in
Oxygenation of Petroleum
Experiments made by the author on the oxidation of petroleum show that the heavy hydrocarbon oils unite very slowly with oxygen, when first exposed to its action, even at temperatures as high as 150° C.; but after the action is once started, by the combination of even a little oxygen with the hydrocarbon, the further oxidation then proceeds with constantly
Stability of Carbonic Acid and of Water
Carbonic acid when combined with a base is a weak acid, readily displaced by a stronger, as sulphuric, hydrochloric or phosphoric acid, and also by sulphur and by many of the organic acids. But the molecule of carbonic acid is never broken up, is never separated into its component elements under conditions ordinarily subsisting in the earth’s crust, at least
Bituminous Coal
Table of ContentsLigniteBituminous Shales Occurrence of Carbon combined with Hydrogen: Blende and galena have been deposited in coal in the outlying basins of the Coal Measures, scattered along the broad, northern marginal belt of the Ozark Uplift. Near the reservoir at Sedalia, Mo., a basin in the Second Magnesian Limestone carries a little coal of fair quality, in which dark brown
Bituminous Shales
Rich deposits of blende, formed in great part by the secondary enrichment of smaller, or less mineralized, primary ore- bodies, are found near the surface in the Joplin, Mo., district, in the vicinity of Carthage, Lehigh, Central City and Reding’s Mill. At these localities the ore occurs in two ways: in the beds of soft, decomposed carbonaceous shales in the
Organic Matters of Limestones
In mining-regions where the ores occur in limestone, it is observed that in most instances the largest and most productive mines are in belts or zones of crystalline limestones which are either exceptionally pure lime-carbonates or, more frequently, dolomites with only a small amount of insoluble matter. Such formations, peculiarly favorable for ore, are rocks easily crushed by movements of
Solvent Extraction Equipment & Design Parameter
Table of ContentsIsotherm Prediction from CUAD CurveThe CUAD curvePrediction of Extraction IsothermPrediction of Strip IsothermInterpretation of Equilibrium IsothermsInterpretation of the Equilibrium IsothermsUse of Equilibrium Isothermsa. Interpretation of the Extraction Equilibrium Isothermb. Interpretation of the Strip Equilibrium IsothermUse of Equilibrium Isotherms using Overall EfficiencyDevelopment of SX Design ParametersFor ProposalsFor Contracts Parameters Provided by DPG Research & Development Division Once the process route and correct Solvent Extraction Equipment
SX Solvent Extraction of Metals: A Design Manual
Table of ContentsSolvent Extraction applied to Metal RecoveryWhich Metals can be Treated by Solvent ExtractionCopper Recovery by Solvent ExtractionAdvantages of Copper Solvent ExtractionContacting EquipmentNickel, Cobalt, and Zinc Recovery by Solvent ExtractionConclusionSolvent Extraction Techniques Applied to Copper RecoverySolvent Extraction GlossaryDesign of Large Scale Mixer-Settlers Definition of Solvent Extraction: The unit operation “solvent extraction” is applied in many industries, and has several different forms. For instance,
Design of Large Scale Mixer Settlers in SX Solvent Extraction Circuits
Table of ContentsReview on Some Past solvent extraction WorkFactors Affecting the Cost and Performance of a Mixer-SettlerMixer ConfigurationImpeller SpeedResidence TimePhase ContinuityOrganic/Aqueous RatioSpecific Settler FlowSettler ConfigurationSolvent extraction process conclusion The development of solvent extraction processes over recent years has led to their application on an increasing scale in metal extraction plants. The author’s company has recently been awarded a contract for
Copper Recovery by Solvent Extraction Techniques
Table of ContentsBasic Process Reaction and Design ParametersHigh Selectivity of LIX 64n for CopperStripping Section — Two-Stage Mixing-SettlingLeach Liquor Throughput Determines SX Solvent Extraction Capital CostWhy Mixer-Settler Units are Preferred ContactorsChoosing the Number of Extraction StagesMaximum Stripping Efficiency is EssentialHow to Minimize Losses of Organic SolventCoalescence Beds versus Flotation UnitsAcid Consumption & Overall Operating Costs Development of Suitable Reagents was
Solvent Extraction Glossary of Terms
Some of the more important technical terms used in this World Mining article and in other solvent extraction literature. Contactor Device for dispersing and disengaging immiscible solutions; extractor. May be single stage, as in a mixer-settler, or multiple stage, as in columns and certain centrifuges. Countercurrent extraction Multistage extraction in which the aqueous and organic solutions flow in opposite directions. Concentration
Amarillium
While assaying some copper carbonate ore from the Frazer claims, Similakameen, B. C., I noticed that on parting the gold button a deep orange solution was formed. The button gave off pink bands in the nitric acid, which became deep orange at a short distance from it; and as it traveled over the surface of the porcelain dish, it left
All-Fire Method of Gold & Silver Assay
Table of ContentsMethod of OperationPouring, Slags and ButtonsScorificationSecond ScorificationSummary As this particular product holds a place by itself, it seems desirable to give a paper dealing especially with it as a corollary to my paper entitled “ The Litharge Process of Assaying Copper-Bearing Ores and Products, and the Method of Calculating Charges.” The process is first to convert the metallic
Can I use BWi Bond Work Index to Size a Regrind Mill: Fine Grinding Modelling
Many power-based grinding models exist, and most operators are familiar with Fred Bond’s “third theory”. Bond’s model is most commonly used to describe primary and secondary grinding to product sizes above, for example, 100 µm. Operators sometimes use Bond’s equation to describe grinding in situations where it is not appropriate, such as fine grinding below 50 µm. Using an
SX Solvent Extraction Process Principles Theory
Table of ContentsDescription of the Solvent Extraction ProcessMetal Species Extractable by SX Solvent ExtractionSX Solvent Extraction ReagentsTypes of ExtractantsChelation ExtractantsLaboratory Evaluation Program for a Copper Leach SolutionComputer-Generated McCabe-Theile Diagrams for CopperCommercial Applications for Copper RecoverySulfuric Acid Leach SolutionsCommercial Copper Solvent Extraction Reagentsb. Henkel Copper Solvent Extraction ReagentsAmmonia Leach SolutionsE. Henkel Chelating Reagents and Some of Their Possible UsesIon-Pair ExtractantsA. Alamine SeriesB. Aliquat
Metallic Copper: Quick Silver & Gold Assay Method
Table of ContentsMethodAssay Results Under the above title it is desired to bring to the attention of assayers a short-cut method which has been perfected by Mr. A. S. Warren, of Buffalo, and the writer; has been used several years at three “ Lake copper ” refineries in occasional alternation with the regular “ combination,” or “ wet and fire,”
Mine Timbering
So many emergencies that crop up in mining necessitate a departure from ordinary methods that the writer has been led to illustrate a few of the examples that have come under his notice during a somewhat lengthy career; and as most of the methods illustrated are certainly outside the ordinary, it may be hoped that while to many they may
Klein Jig & Classifier
Concentrating-Machinery has been wonderfully improved during the past few years both in technical efficiency and in economy of power; and, in the writer’s opinion, the prosperity which the mining industry has of late enjoyed is due in large part to this improvement. Many properties are yielding handsome profits at the present time which were considered, a few years ago, too
Solvent Extraction Plants: Thiele Diagram & Theoretical Design Aspects
Table of ContentsSolvent Extraction Flowsheet ExampleSolvent Extraction Data Needed for FlowsheetTypical SX Circuit Profile Using Acorga ReagentSolvent Extraction IsothermsSolvent Extraction Distribution CurvesCopper-specific extractants and distribution isothermsUse of Isotherms in Process Design Parameters affecting copper content of stripped organicParameters Which Influence Isotherm Shape Parameters affecting extraction isothermsType & Strength of the ExtractantShape of the Isotherm, “S” effectConcentration of ExtractantpH of feed liquor and buffering actionCopper
Solvent Extraction Process SX: Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Copper
Table of ContentsSolvent Extraction Applied to MetallurgyProfitable Solvent Extraction PrincipleHydrometallurgy Simplifies Chemical Engineering TheoryFirst Step: ExtractionSecond Step: StrippingChoice of SolventThe Phenomenon of SynergismEffective Use of “Shakeout Tests”ExtractionSolvent LoadingCounter-Current Mixer-Settler UnitsAnalyzing the “S” Type IsothermDetermining Relative ExtractionStage CalculationsPredicting Changes in Counter-Current SystemsDetermining Rate of ExtractionIdentifying Phase SeparationSlime/Solids ProblemsTechniques in Determining Coalescence Rate and Settler AreaInterpreting Data on Settler AreaDetermining Depth of SettlerElectrical Determinations
What Factors Control the Depth of Ore Deposits
Table of ContentsGeology and Deep-Seated Mineral DepositsClassification of Ore DepositsMicroscopic Study of OresThe Source of Ore MaterialThe Theory of Lateral SecretionGold in Sea WaterThe Agencies of Gold TransportThe Circulation of Ore-Depositing WatersThe Deposition of OresSurface EnrichmentThe Depths of Ore Formation When asked to lecture at Bendigo on the geological factors that determine the depths of ore deposits, I hesitated for a little before agreeing to lecture on
How to Measure & Detect Gold & Silver in Trace Amounts
Table of ContentsMethod of Trace AssayPurified LeadTrace MeasurementThe Form and Weight of BeadsFine CupellationPartingThe Probable ErrorCupellation LossCyanide AssaysAssaying Seawater for GoldCyanide MethodAssays of RocksCalculation of Gold & Silver AmountsExtracted from, Carrara Marble For a number of years I have, at odd times, tried to perfect a method of assay sufficiently delicate to find and estimate very small/trace quantities of gold and
Building a Reverberatory Furnace in Adobe, Stone & Wood
The building of reverberatory furnaces (Fortschaufelungsofen) where ordinary brick, fire-brick and iron are comparatively cheap, is quite a different matter from the building of such furnaces in isolated camps, where proper material is only to be obtained at high cost and with long delays. Time is always a large factor in metallurgical operations, and the metallurgist may find himself in
Gold Mercury Amalgamation Methods
I was manager of a mining enterprise where the ores were composed principally of iron pyrites (much decomposed), in a quartz matrix, with native gold in very irregular grains. Some portions, however, carried their metallic value in a matrix of calcite and siderite. The mill in which the ores were treated consisted of two 800-lb. stamps, two amalgamating-plates, four pans, two